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1. Hip Region and Thigh - Hip joint anatomy and biomechanics - Muscles of the hip and thigh (quadriceps, hamstrings, adductors) - Femoral triangle and neurovascular structures - Major nerves: femoral, sciatic, obturator 2. Leg (Between Knee and Ankle) - Knee joint anatomy and mechanics - Anterior, posterior and lateral compartments - Major muscles: gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior - Neurovascular structures - Deep veins and lymphatics 3. Foot and Ankle - Ankle joint complex - Intrinsic foot muscles - Arches of the foot - Plantar fascia - Retinacula and tendon sheaths 4. Clinical Correlations - Common injuries and conditions - Gait analysis - Surface anatomy and landmarks - Clinical examination techniques
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Molecular biology studies how various cellular components work together and interact at the molecular level, with a particular focus on DNA, RNA, and proteins. DNA stores genetic information in sequences of nucleotide bases (A, T, C, G). Through a process called transcription, this information is copied to RNA, which then undergoes translation to create proteins - the workhorses of cells that perform most biological functions. Key processes include: 1. DNA replication - making exact copies of genetic material before cell division 2. Gene expression - regulating when and how genes are turned on/off 3. Protein synthesis - assembling amino acids into functional proteins 4. Cell signaling - how cells communicate and respond to their environment Modern molecular biology techniques like PCR, gene sequencing, and CRISPR have revolutionized our understanding of genetics and enabled breakthroughs in medicine, biotechnology, and research.
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- Studying the microscopic anatomy of plant and animal tissues - Analyzing cellular structures and their interactions - Identifying normal and abnormal tissue characteristics - Supporting medical diagnosis and research - Using techniques like light microscopy and electron microscopy Histological examinations are crucial in multiple fields, including: - Medical diagnostics (detecting diseases like cancer) - Pathology - Research in biology and medicine - Understanding tissue development and function - Forensic science
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Main Systems Covered: 1. Cardiovascular System - Advanced heart mechanics - Blood pressure regulation - Circulation patterns 2. Respiratory System - Pulmonary function - Gas exchange - Breathing mechanics 3. Digestive System - Nutrient processing - Absorption mechanisms - Metabolic regulation 4. Renal System - Kidney function - Fluid/electrolyte balance - pH regulation 5. Endocrine System - Hormone interactions - Metabolic control - Feedback loops 6. Reproductive System - Male/female differences - Hormonal regulation - Reproductive cycles Laboratory Component: - Physiological measurements - Data analysis - Clinical correlations This course typically requires understanding of: - Basic chemistry - Cell biology - Physiology 1 concepts
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